Optical fiber, I'm not going into too much detail, but when I was a kid in the 60's my dad told us all about it ( He retired from AT&T), how it would change the world for communication..well it did. I have friends and clients around central USA and they are just getting this put in. Sad to say its already almost obsolete. Now with satellite and newer technology. It still serves as a hard connection for specialized communication and speed of light connections. Yet still is faster than anything we have so far. Wireless is soon coming of age and may be the new standard soon being less expensive and cumbersome.
and it takes them days to find a break in the line too, they send a ship out bring the line to the surface then they check each section for the break. They use to do this for telephone lines in the 50s